A Muslim American Slave: The Life of Omar Ibn Said by Omar Ibn Said

Author:Omar Ibn Said [Said, Omar Ibn & Alryyes, Ala & Editor)]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2011-06-06T15:05:13+00:00

10. Jean Boulegue and Jean Suret-Canale, “The Western Atlantic Coast,” in J. F. A. Ajayi and Michael Crowder, eds., History of West Africa (3d ed.; 2 vols., New York, 1985), I, 519–30.

11. Lovejoy, Transformations, 72–73.

12. Curtin, Atlantic Slave Trade, chap. 4; and Lovejoy, Transformations, 35–37.

13. The term tubenan is from the Arabic tawba, “to repent”; the Wolof word tub essentially carries the same meaning. For more on the tubenan, or “guerre des Marabouts,”

see Philip D. Curtin, “Jihad in West Africa: Early Phases and Inter-Relations in Mauritania and Senegal,” Journal of African History 12, no. 1 (1971), 11–24; and Boubacar Barry, “La guerre des Marabouts dans la région du fleuve Sénégal de 1673 a 1677,” Bulletin de l’Institut Fondaniental (formerly Français) d’Afrique Noire 33 (July 1971), 564–89.

14. Suret-Canale and Barry, “Western Atlantic Coast,” 470.

15. David Robinson, “The Islamic Revolution of Futa Toro,” International Journal of African Historical Studies 8, no. 2 (1975), 185–221.

16. Michael A. Gomez, Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu (Cambridge, Eng., and New York, 1992).

17. Abdoulaye Bathily, “La traite atlantique des esclaves et ses effets économiques et sociaux en Afrique: La cas du Galam, royaume de l’hinterland sénégambien au dix-huitième siècle,” Journal of African History 27, no. 2 (1986), 269–93; see also Philip D. Curtin, Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade (Madison, 1975).

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18. Walter Rodney, A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800 (Oxford, 1970), 95–113 (quoted phrase on 112).

19. Ibid., 244–55.

20. Ibid., 255; and Thierno Diallo, Les institutions politiques du Fouta Djalon au XIXe siècle (Dakar, 1972), 20–34.

21. See the following for a discussion of causal possibilities: Boubacar Barry, Le royaume du Waalo: Le Sénégal avant la conquête (rev. ed.; Paris, 1985); Suret-Canale and Barry, “Western Atlantic Coast”; William Derman with Louise Derman, Serfs, Peasants, and Socialists: A Former Serf Village in the Republic of Guinea (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1973); Joye Bowman Hawkins, “Conflict, Interaction, and Change in Guinea-Bissau: Fulbe Expansion and Its Impact, 1850–1900” (PhD dissertation, U.C.L.A., 1980); and Joseph Earl Harris,

“The Kingdom of Fouta Diallon” (PhD dissertation, Northwestern University, 1965).

22. Suret-Canale and Barry, “Western Atlantic Coast,” 493–95; and Alfa Ibrahim Sow, Chroniques et récits du Fouta Djalon . . . (Paris, 1968), 15.

23. Lovejoy, Transformations, 59.

24. Ibid., 56.

25. See Ivor Wilks, Asante in the Nineteenth Century: The Structure and Evolution of a Political Order (London, 1975); and Lovejoy, Transformations, 56.

26. Wilks, Asante; Peter B. Clarke, West Africa and Islam: A Study of Religious Development from the 8th to the 20th Century (London, 1982), 50–60; Melville J. Herskovits, The Myth of the Negro Past (New York and London, 1941); and Herskovits, The New World Negro (Bloomington and London, 1966), 90–93.

27. Lovejoy, Transformations, 56–57 (quotation on 57).

28. Joao Jose Reis, “Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The African Muslim Uprising in Bahia, 1835” (PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1983).

29. Lovejoy, Transformations, 57–58; see also Paul E. Lovejoy, ed., Africans in Bondage: Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade (Madison, 1986).

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